  


      ,        (Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden)     .  ,   -  -  .
 ,   . ,    ,    ,  ,   (Per Delsing)  , .     ,       .    (     )  - .    .    ,  ,    ,  .     .
         .     ,   1970 .  ,     ,       ,      -   .      ,  , ,  ,   ,    .  .        .      .
        (superconducting quantum interference device - SQUID).          .        .   -    5    .  ,   .  , ,  .
-  ,              , -    .