 

      13  1963 .      5 .  7      ,        , -   . 

 15     .   1985    21        ,    .            (, 1984  , 1985).

 1993           .

 1996       .     Deep Blue  IBM.   ,    .  1997    Deep Blue -  . 

 5      ,   ,        2000 .

  (1980),     (1985),   (1981, 1988)   (2004),     :      (1980, 1982, 1986, 1988)       (1992, 1994, 1996, 2002),     -         .        ,    .

  2005            - .  2007            ,    .

          ,        .