  

        ,       .

    8  1910    ( -, ).            .     1932 ,            .

   ,    19 .           .      .       .         ?,          .

  1937      Astounding     ,     .    mutant        Astounding Stories ( )  Astounding Science Fiction (  ).

           : ,  , .        . ,   ,    ,          . 

 1940-  Astounding   - .       Unknown,     . 

         ,          .     ,      .  1945, 1950  1967     . 

    11  1971   - ( -, ).  1996          . 