4  2010    2             .     ,,      d&d

   (Ernest Gary Gygax)  27 1938   .   -   -  ,  -   () - .      .  -    .         .
      , -,  .     .         .

       (       ).    ,       -  .  "dungeon",  , -          ,          .    .    ,  -     .  ,     .
 12       - ""    "-"  .        .
 1953           (wargames)    ( ,   -     ).              ,     .
,      ,      ( ) ,  .           .
,       .           .     ,                .
   ,  ,           .
 1958      "" (       )  Avalon Hill.            ,    ,   .
        .   ,      .     Avalon Hill,    .
 1966       International Federation of Wargamers (IFW -  " ").         700 ,        .  1967   "Gen Con 0".   20      -      .    Gen Con           100 .  Gen Con -   Geneva Convention - . Gen Con        .
       . -    , - - , - -  .          ,      Don't Give Up The Ship!.
     ,    .             .       .     ,     ?    - ,   ?         ,     .
      - Lake Geneva Tactical Studies Association(LGTSA).      ,  ,     .  -     .
  -    .  ,       .   ,     .        "".      .     " ".      .        (     ,    ).    ,        .
   ,      40- ,   .    ,  , , ,    .  1971         Chainmail: Rules for Medieval Miniatures.     ,     -     ,    ,        20 ,       ,       .
               Blackmoor.          .     .       "-".   ,     .       ,       .          .       .
   " "        .  ,     :  ,   , ,  ,  .      .
       Greyhawk.
           ,      .       ,      ,            D&D.       .    ,   .     ,   ,        beholder'.
 1973             Tactical Studies Rules (TSR).   ,  - .   TSR     ()  .
, ,  1974     Dungeons & Dragons.      50 000. ,           .        11 .    .      .  1979    7000    .
        ,          D&D     .       ,      .         .
 1975   TSR    The Strategic Review (    -TSR),          - ,   .     ,     -   ,   7 The Strategic Review  .           ,   1976     The Dragon. ,             .     -      D&D,  ,       ,     ,     ...  ,   ,  -     .
 1975      ,        TSR .     , ,    TSR Hobbies, Inc.       ,       . ,   ,    ,      .
TSR Hobbies    D&D,      -   .      (       ).
  D&D   ,       .       ,         .   ,   .
      .
,  1977      Advanced Dungeons & Dragons.       Dungeons & Dragons.    ,        (       ).          .
     Monster Manual,   Player's Handbook ( ")  Dungeon Masters Guide ( ").              -.
 80-      ,  .            The Temple of Elemental Evil,        .       2003     Troika Games.
     .  1979      D&D    . ,     ,  ,         .      .  D&D      ,         ,  ,     .      .   ,    Bothering About Dungeons & Dragons    ,        D&D -               ,  ,         .
    ,        ,    .       .   ,            .          .   ,   TSR  1980   300.       .  80-       ,    ,      ,     .
      D&D.   ,     D&D     ,   1979       TSR  .       ,     TSR   ,   ,     ,       .
     TSR Hobbies.  ,      2/3  ,     .         .     ,       D&D  .        . 
          D&D  ,      TSR Entertainment, Inc.   ,   TSR        ,        Dungeons & Dragons Entertainment.
  -,      .       ,  ""    (       ).          (  ,    ,    , -        ) -    Chainmail   .   ,     ,       ,      .
     1983   Marvel Productions      "  ",      D&D- .    ,       .  ,      1,5 .        -     ,    70 ,     ,         .     ,      TSR.   ,     .
             TSR.  ,       .     , ,            ,   ,    .
 ,    ,      TSR   1985      .    ,  ,        ,     ,      ,    .     TSR    ,     ,     D&D. ,         .
  ,       .      ,     .     .        TSR    .        .                .
,  ,   ,     .                 -  . ,      Dragon Chess.       100-   Dragon   1985 .           8x12 .    ,  - ,  -.     ,   D&D: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,   .
  1986           .      15 1987 ,   50-    .
 TSR,    New Infinities Productions,     .          -   Cyborg Commando,   1987 .       10- .    .                  AD&D,      ,     .          .
  -  ,           ,      .
        . Game Designers' Workshop (GDW)        Dangerous Dimensions (" ").   ,   ...    D&D.     ,  ,  ,     - ,     TSR,   .    ,   DD    D&D,     Dangerous Journeys (" ").        ,    AD&D,           .
    TSR,         Mythus Fantasy,         .
  1995       Lejendary Adventure   Troll Lord Games.     ,     AD&D.     , ,  : "       !"        .   ,   -   ,   -.      ,   ,       ,   .        .
    1999  2000 .   ,   -Lejendary Earth  Learth,     .          .
 1999      Hekaforge Productions,  Lejendary Adventure.
   TSR     .    ,  ,      ,   -  -   .
TSR     D&D  1997  Wizards of the Coast,   1999       Hasbro.         TSR. Wizards of the Coast  d20-,    D&D,    . Open Gaming License         d20-.        Gygaxian Fantasy Worlds.
 3-   D&D    .  ,     ,        .      3- ,        .
            .  Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach       Delera's Tomb.  ,     ,  ,       .      .
         .          : GenCon, DragonCon, I-Con,  ,  ,     .         ,     Dungeons & Dragons,    "  ",     ,   .        - Dragonsfoot.
        "",     .          ,         D&D.
        . " -     .    , ,   ,       ,    ".
, ,       - .           -    , ,    ,        ,   ""   .       -   ,    -   -       .
 2004    ,         .     ,       ,    ,   D&D-    2008 .
     : "  ,      ,              ".

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"  "(  2008 )
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