   .
    MASM  v4.0
           ,    "".
 (             .
  0,5    )))).
                         )))
 -            .    .       "HELLO WORLD"
     ,  ,    2 .
                (            )
              
      ))))).       ?  USB ,    IP ?    ,      "    "        "  ".
              ,       -  .
  IBM PC:
     +------------+    +-------------+    +-------------+
     | |<---+  |<---+      |
     |      +--->|    +--->|   |
     +------------+    +-------------+    +-------------+
               ,
               
  ,    
   .
    

     ,                
    .          
-.            
.,   24     
  XXIV.    .. 
 ,  ..    ,   
  .  ,  
    10-      (  
   10 ):

                   123= 1*100 + 2*10 + 3*1

           ,    
  -   10 (  1,10,100,1000  
..)
        :

    1)    (    - 1,2,4,8,
16 ...):

                   1100= 1*8 + 1*4 + 0*2 + 0*1

    2)       (    -
1,8,64,256...) :

                   371=  3*64 + 7*8 + 1

    3)           (    
 - 1,16,256,4096...) :

                   1C0 = 1*256 + 12*16 + 0*1

            
"":  -  10,  -  11,  -  12  ..

           2     :
10-  16-.   ,   16- 
 10-        -  
,   :

    16-          
'h':

                   105   - 10- ;
                   0105h - 16- ;
                   ABC   -  ;
                   0ABCh - 16- .

                    1.2.  

       -   ,  
.    0  
,      .
     (8 ) .

                    +---------------+   MAX
                    +---------------+
                          .....
                    +---------------+   1
                    +---------------+   0
                    +---------------+

     IBM  P       ,
    ,    :

                       : 

         :

                      *16+

     ,            
          : 
 .,    123   0:123,
  1:107,   7:11 ...  ,     IBM PC 
    16- ,    
     123,   7h.
           ,
   :


         ????:?         +----------------+
                        |     |
                        |          |
         FFFF:0         +----------------+
                        |    BIOS     |
         F000:0         +----------------+
                        |        |
         C800:0         +----------------+
                        |     |
         000:0         +----------------+
                        |          |
                        |        |
         ????:?         + - - - - - - - -+
                        |  MSDOS     |
           20:0         +----------------+
                        | . |
            0:0         +----------------+

            
   MSDOS.     
,             
,             
  .    MSDOS    
,    ,      ,  
         .    
  000:0    ,    
  CGA,  EGA,  VGA  .     
  ,         
. ,      ,
   .       ..
          ().    
        .
   ,     
       - ,
,    .       
    ,  ..,   ,   
     .,   ,   
  ,    FFFF:0,  
..   .MSDOS     
  ,          (      4.0)
   .      
 WINDOWS   .

                    

        ()     
  .     IBM   PC      
    Intel.       IBM PC
    8086    8088.     
,        80-    90-
   80286,    
         
    .     
    80386   80486,   
   .  ,  ,     
  PENTIUM (80586).
          .
    ,         ,      
 8086           
  ,      .     
    ,    
         
 IBM PC.    
        ,    
,  ..       
.
    ,         8086    
 :

  +-------------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
  |     |  -   |   |      |
  |       |     |     |       |
  |   |              |             |             |
  |  AX,BX,CX,DX|SI,DI,BP,SP,IP|  CS,DS,ES,SS|             |
  +-------------+--------------+-------------+-------------+
  |               C             |
  +--------------------------------------------------------+

     -           
    ,      16  ( 2
 ) .
       ,     
     ,      FORTRAN  
PASCAL,       - 
     (        
 ).     
     ,     
  .       
        . 
,           
         
     ,   
 /  .

              1.3.1.   

        4- 16-  :  AX,  BX,
CX    DX.       
 16- ,          8-
.,          :  
  AL     AH.
                
 ,        
    .             
- ( . ).

                  1.3.2. -

         16-  :  SI, DI,
BP,  SP    IP.        
         ,
       . SP  
  . IP    
    .

                  1.3.3.  

           ,        
        ,    
    :

                       : 

           ,         
,       16-  ,
  ,          
   .   ,         05Dh
    19-    .    
:          
,           
,    -.
    , ,        
(    ),                
05ABDh. ,    ,  
 :

         MOV AX,5ABCh ;  
         MOV DS,AX    ;   DS
         MOV SI,0Dh   ;  -
         MOV AX,[SI]  ;   AX   

          ,  ,
 ,    SI   
 DS.    ,  ,     
,      ES,   
()   :

         MOV AX,5ABCh
         MOV ES,AX
         MOV SI,0Dh
         MOV AX,ES:[SI]

           
        ,      
 .
       ES   DS    
        .SS    
        SP,          
 .CS           IP,
     . 
  ,       ,
 ,     .
     ,  ,     SI,DI 
BX,       DS ( DI   
  ES ).BP      SS,  
  SP,      ,      
,        ""     
 .

                    1.3.4.  

        -      16-  ,  
    . 
        .

      +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
      |15|14|13|12|11|10| 9| 8| 7| 6| 5| 4| 3| 2| 1| 0|
      +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
                   ^  ^   ^  ^  ^  ^     ^     ^     ^
    OVERFLOW ------+  |   |  |  |  |     |     |     + CARRY
    DIRECTION --------+   |  |  |  |     |     +----- PARITY
    INTERRUPT ENABLE -----+  |  |  |     +-- AUXILIARY CARRY
    TRAP --------------------+  |  +------------------- ZERO
                                +---------------------  SIGN

                  
   ,       
       .
       CARRY      1,    

                         JC LABEL

         ,  
   LABEL.      CARRY          
(  1)   (    0)    
  -     .
      .
             ,  
    .,       
      DIRECTION         
             
      ,   . 
 TRAP  1      
 "" .

                   1.4.  

           :    
,    ,  ...
      
        .
       .  
             
   ,    
     .,      61h
     ,    
.

            2.   

         .
         .  
        
           -  ,
 ,    .
                
                
,   ..            
     C  Modula-2.,
      ,     
  ( .  ).
    ,  -    
  .

           2.1.     

     ,      
IBM   PC,                
 :  MASM    Microsoft,  TASM    Borland,
OPTASM    .       !  
       ,  ,  
,        .  
        ,
           MASM  v4.0  
Microsoft.

               2.1.1.   

      ,     
    -    .  
   MOV.     
       ,     
    .:

         MOV AX,BX -    BX  AX;
         MOV CL,13 -    13  CL
                     ( ..     CX ).


            ,     
     .    
            -   
  (  )      
,         
.    :

    MOV AX,[04Ch] -        
16-  4C;
    MOV NUMBER,BX -       
 NUMBER   BX.

    ,             
.       ES    
,    CS,    :

                          MOV AX,CS
                          MOV ES,AX

     ,     "-".
        , 
                
:

                          MOV DX,[080h]
                          MOV LENSTR,DX

               
        MOVS. 
  -    MOVSB,    
    (    ) MOVSW.    
   ,    ,    
  DS:SI      ES:DI.  
SI  DI    1  2 (   
,          MOVSB  MOVSW ). 
Direction   ( .  1.3.4. )  0,  
   -   ,    -  .
  ""     CLD  STD
.    
  ,      CX    
        REP.:
 12    ,  c  0:0
  ES:120h.

                          MOV AX,0
                          MOV DS,AX
                          MOV SI,AX
                          MOV DI,120h
                          MOV CX,12
                          CLD
                          REP MOVSB

    REP       MOVSB   ,
    CX,  ..  12.  c   
    (   ),    
   :

                          MOV AX,0
                          MOV DS,AX
                          MOV SI,AX
                          MOV DI,120h
                          MOVSW
To be continued(   . )