ZSHMODULES(1)

NAME
zshmodules - zsh loadable modules

DESCRIPTION
Some optional parts of zsh are in modules, separate from the core of the shell. Each of these modules may be linked in to the shell at build time, or can be dynamically linked while the shell is running if the installation supports this feature. The modules that are bundled with the zsh distribution are:

zsh/cap
    Builtins for manipulating POSIX.1e (POSIX.6) capability (privilege) sets.

zsh/clone
    A builtin that can clone a running shell onto another terminal.

zsh/compctl
    The compctl builtin for controlling completion.

zsh/complete
    The basic completion code.

zsh/complist
    Completion listing extensions.

zsh/computil
    A module with utility builtins needed for the shell function based completion system.

zsh/deltochar
    A ZLE function duplicating EMACS' zap-to-char.

zsh/example
    An example of how to write a module.

zsh/files
    Some basic file manipulation commands as builtins.

zsh/mapfile
    Access to external files via a special associative array.

zsh/mathfunc
    Standard scientific functions for use in mathematical evaluations.

zsh/parameter
    Access to internal hash tables via special associative arrays.

zsh/pcre
    Interface to the PCRE library.

zsh/sched
    A builtin that provides a timed execution facility within the shell.

zsh/net/socket
    Manipulation of Unix domain sockets

zsh/stat
    A builtin command interface to the stat system call.

zsh/termcap
    Interface to the termcap database.

zsh/terminfo
    Interface to the terminfo database.

zsh/zftp
    A builtin FTP client.

zsh/zle
    The Zsh Line Editor, including the bindkey and vared builtins.

zsh/zleparameter
    Access to internals of the Zsh Line Editor via parameters.

zsh/zprof
    A module allowing profiling for shell functions.

zsh/zpty
    A builtin for starting a command in a pseudo-terminal.

zsh/zselect
    Block and return when file descriptors are ready.

zsh/zutil
    Some utility builtins, e.g. the one for supporting configuration via styles.

zsh/net/tcp
    Manipulation of TCP sockets

THE ZSH/CAP MODULE

The zsh/cap module is used for manipulating POSIX.1e (POSIX.6) capability sets. If the operating system does not support this interface, the builtins defined by this module will do nothing. The builtins in this module are:

cap [ capabilities ]
    Change the shell's process capability sets to the specified capabilities, otherwise display the shell's current capabilities.

getcap filename ...
    This is a built-in implementation of the POSIX standard utility. It displays the capability sets on each specified filename.

setcap capabilities filename ...
    This is a built-in implementation of the POSIX standard utility. It sets the capability sets on each specified filename to the specified capabilities.

THE ZSH/CLONE MODULE

The zsh/clone module makes available one builtin command:

clone tty
    Creates a forked instance of the current shell, attached to the specified tty. In the new shell, the PID, PPID and TTY special parameters are changed appropriately. $! is set to zero in the new shell, and to the new shell's PID in the original shell.

    The return value of the builtin is zero in both shells if successful, and non-zero on error.

THE ZSH/COMPCTL MODULE

The zsh/compctl module makes available two builtin commands. compctl, is the old, deprecated way to control completions for ZLE. See zshcompctl(1). The other builtin command, compcall can be used in user-defined completion widgets, see zshcompwid(1).

THE ZSH/COMPLETE MODULE

The zsh/complete module makes available several builtin commands which can be used in user-defined completion widgets, see zshcompwid(1).

THE ZSH/COMPLIST MODULE

The zsh/complist module offers three extensions to completion listings: the ability to highlight matches in such a list, the ability to scroll through long lists and a different style of menu completion.

  Colored completion listings
Whenever one of the parameters ZLS_COLORS or ZLS_COLOURS is set and the zsh/complist module is loaded or linked into the shell, completion lists will be colored. Note, however, that complist will not automatically be loaded if it is not linked in: on systems with dynamic loading, `zmodload zsh/complist' is required.

The parameters ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS describe how matches are highlighted. To turn on highlighting an empty value suffices, in which case all the default values given below will be used. The format of the value of these parameters is the same as used by the GNU version of the ls command: a colon-separated list of specifications of the form `name=value'. The name may be one of the following strings, most of which specify file types for which the value will be used. The strings and their default values are:

no 0
    for normal text (i.e. when displaying something other than a matched file)

fi 0
    for regular files

di 32
    for directories

ln 36
    for symbolic links

pi 31
    for named pipes (FIFOs)

so 33
    for sockets

bd 44;37
    for block devices

cd 44;37
    for character devices

ex 35
    for executable files

mi none
    for a non-existent file (default is the value defined for fi)

lc \e[
    for the left code (see below)

rc m
    for the right code

tc 0
    for the character indicating the file type printed after filenames if the LIST_TYPES option is set

sp 0
    for the spaces printed after matches to align the next column

ec none
    for the end code

Apart from these strings, the name may also be an asterisk (`*') followed by any string. The value given for such a string will be used for all files whose name ends with the string. The name may also be an equals sign (`=') followed by a pattern. The value given for this pattern will be used for all matches (not just filenames) whose display string are matched by the pattern. Definitions for both of these take precedence over the values defined for file types and the form with the leading asterisk takes precedence over the form with the leading equal sign.

The last form also allows different parts of the displayed strings to be colored differently. For this, the pattern has to use the `(#b)' globbing flag and pairs of parentheses surrounding the parts of the strings that are to be colored differently. In this case the value may consist of more than one color code separated by equal signs. The first code will be used for all parts for which no explicit code is specified and the following codes will be used for the parts matched by the sub-patterns in parentheses. For example, the specification `=(#b)(?)*(?)=0=3=7' will be used for all matches which are at least two characters long and will use the code `3' for the first character, `7' for the last character and `0' for the rest.

All three forms of name may be preceded by a pattern in parentheses. If this is given, the value will be used only for matches in groups whose names are matched by the pattern given in the parentheses. For example, `(g*)m*=43' highlights all matches beginning with `m' in groups whose names begin with `g' using the color code `43'. In case of the `lc', `rc', and `ec' codes, the group pattern is ignored.

Note also that all patterns are tried in the order in which they appear in the parameter value until the first one matches which is then used.

When printing a match, the code prints the value of lc, the value for the file-type or the last matching specification with a `*', the value of rc, the string to display for the match itself, and then the value of ec if that is defined or the values of lc, no, and rc if ec is not defined.

The default values are ISO 6429 (ANSI) compliant and can be used on vt100 compatible terminals such as xterms. On monochrome terminals the default values will have no visible effect. The colors function from the contribution can be used to get associative arrays containing the codes for ANSI terminals (see the section `Other Functions' in zshcontrib(1)). For example, after loading colors, one could use `$colors[red]' to get the code for foreground color red and `$colors[bg-green]' for the code for background color green.

If the completion system invoked by compinit is used, these parameters should not be set directly because the system controls them itself. Instead, the list-colors style should be used (see the section `Completion System Configuration' in zshcompsys(1)).

  Scrolling in completion listings
To enable scrolling through a completion list, the LISTPROMPT parameter must be set. Its value will be used as the prompt; if it is the empty string, a default prompt will be used. The value may contain escapes of the form `%x'. It supports the escapes `%B', `%b', `%S', `%s', `%U', `%u' and `%{...%}' used also in shell prompts as well as three pairs of additional sequences: a `%l' or `%L' is replaced by the number of the last line shown and the total number of lines in the form `number/total'; a `%m' or `%M' is replaced with the number of the last match shown and the total number of matches; and `%p' or `%P' is replaced with `Top', `Bottom' or the position of the first line shown in percent of the total number of lines, respectively. In each of these cases the form with the uppercase letter will be replaced with a string of fixed width, padded to the right with spaces, while the lowercase form will not be padded.

If the parameter LISTPROMPT is set, the completion code will not ask if the list should be shown. Instead it immediately starts displaying the list, stopping after the first screenful, showing the prompt at the bottom, waiting for a keypress after temporarily switching to the listscroll keymap. Some of the zle functions have a special meaning while scrolling lists:

send-break
    stops listing discarding the key pressed

accept-line, down-history, down-line-or-history
down-line-or-search, vi-down-line-or-history
    scrolls forward one line

complete-word, menu-complete, expand-or-complete
expand-or-complete-prefix, menu-complete-or-expand
    scrolls forward one screenful

Every other character stops listing and immediately processes the key as usual. Any key that is not bound in the listscroll keymap or that is bound to undefined-key is looked up in the keymap currently selected.

As for the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters, LISTPROMPT should not be set directly when using the shell function based completion system. Instead, the list-prompt style should be used.

  Menu selection
The zsh/complist module also offers an alternative style of selecting matches from a list, called menu selection, which can be used if the shell is set up to return to the last prompt after showing a completion list (see the ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT option in zshoptions(1)). It can be invoked directly by the widget menu-select defined by the module. Alternatively, the parameter MENUSELECT can be set to an integer, which gives the minimum number of matches that must be present before menu selection is automatically turned on. This second method requires that menu completion be started, either directly from a widget such as menu-complete, or due to one of the options MENU_COMPLETE or AUTO_MENU being set. If MENUSELECT is set, but is 0, 1 or empty, menu selection will always be started during an ambiguous menu completion.

When using the completion system based on shell functions, the MENUSELECT parameter should not be used (like the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters described above). Instead, the menu style should be used with the select=... keyword.

After menu selection is started, the matches will be listed. If there are more matches than fit on the screen, only the first screenful is shown. The matches to insert into the command line can be selected from this list. In the list one match is highlighted using the value for ma from the ZLS_COLORS or ZLS_COLOURS parameter. The default value for this is `7' which forces the selected match to be highlighted using standout mode on a vt100-compatible terminal. If neither ZLS_COLORS nor ZLS_COLOURS is set, the same terminal control sequence as for the `%S' escape in prompts is used.

If there are more matches than fit on the screen and the parameter MENUPROMPT is set, its value will be shown below the matches. It supports the same escape sequences as LISTPROMPT, but the number of the match or line shown will be that of the one where the mark is placed. If its value is the empty string, a default prompt will be used.

The MENUSCROLL parameter can be used to specify how the list is scrolled. If the parameter is unset, this is done line by line, if it is set to `0' (zero), the list will scroll half the number of lines of the screen. If the value is positive, it gives the number of lines to scroll and if it is negative, the list will be scrolled the number of lines of the screen minus the (absolute) value.

As for the ZLS_COLORS, ZLS_COLOURS and LISTPROMPT parameters, neither MENUPROMPT nor MENUSCROLL should be set directly when using the shell function based completion system. Instead, the select-prompt and select-scroll styles should be used.

The completion code sometimes decides not to show all of the matches in the list. These hidden matches are either matches for which the completion function which added them explicitly requested that they not appear in the list (using the -n option of the compadd builtin command) or they are matches which duplicate a string already in the list (because they differ only in things like prefixes or suffixes that are not displayed). In the list used for menu selection, however, even these matches are shown so that it is possible to select them. To highlight such matches the hi and du capabilities in the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters are supported for hidden matches of the first and second kind, respectively.

Selecting matches is done by moving the mark around using the zle movement functions. When not all matches can be shown on the screen at the same time, the list will scroll up and down when crossing the top or bottom line. The following zle functions have special meaning during menu selection:

accept-line
    accepts the current match and leaves menu selection

send-break
    leaves menu selection and restores the previous contents of the command line

redisplay, clear-screen
    execute their normal function without leaving menu selection

accept-and-hold, accept-and-menu-complete
    accept the currently inserted match and continue selection allowing to select the next match to insert into the line

accept-and-infer-next-history
    accepts the current match and then tries completion with menu selection again; in the case of files this allows one to select a directory and immediately attempt to complete files in it; if there are no matches, a message is shown and one can use undo to go back to completion on the previous level, every other key leaves menu selection (including the other zle functions which are otherwise special during menu selection)

undo
    removes matches inserted during the menu selection by one of the three functions before

down-history, down-line-or-history
vi-down-line-or-history,  down-line-or-search
    moves the mark one line down

up-history, up-line-or-history
vi-up-line-or-history, up-line-or-search
    moves the mark one line up

forward-char, vi-forward-char
    moves the mark one column right

backward-char, vi-backward-char
    moves the mark one column left

forward-word, vi-forward-word
vi-forward-word-end, emacs-forward-word
    moves the mark one screenful down

backward-word, vi-backward-word, emacs-backward-word
    moves the mark one screenful up

vi-forward-blank-word, vi-forward-blank-word-end
    moves the mark to the first line of the next group of matches

vi-backward-blank-word
    moves the mark to the last line of the previous group of matches

beginning-of-history
    moves the mark to the first line

end-of-history
    moves the mark to the last line

beginning-of-buffer-or-history, beginning-of-line
beginning-of-line-hist, vi-beginning-of-line
    moves the mark to the leftmost column

end-of-buffer-or-history, end-of-line
end-of-line-hist, vi-end-of-line
    moves the mark to the rightmost column

complete-word, menu-complete, expand-or-complete
expand-or-complete-prefix, menu-expand-or-complete
    moves the mark to the next match

reverse-menu-complete
    moves the mark to the previous match

vi-insert
    this toggles between normal and interactive mode; in interactive mode the keys bound to self-insert and self-insert-unmeta insert into the command line as in normal editing mode but without leaving menu selection; after each character completion is tried again and the list changes to contain only the new matches; the completion widgets make the longest unambiguous string be inserted in the command line and undo and backward-delete-char go back to the previous set of matches

history-incremental-search-forward,
    history-incremental-search-backward this starts incremental searches in the list of completions displayed; in this mode, accept-line only leaves incremental search, going back to the normal menu selection mode

All movement functions wrap around at the edges; any other zle function not listed leaves menu selection and executes that function. It is possible to make widgets in the above list do the same by using the form of the widget with a `.' in front. For example, the widget `.accept-line' has the effect of leaving menu selection and accepting the entire command line.

During this selection the widget uses the keymap menuselect. Any key that is not defined in this keymap or that is bound to undefined-key is looked up in the keymap currently selected. This is used to ensure that the most important keys used during selection (namely the cursor keys, return, and TAB) have sensible defaults. However, keys in the menuselect keymap can be modified directly using the bindkey builtin command (see zshmodules(1)). For example, to make the return key leave menu selection without accepting the match currently selected one could call

    bindkey -M menuselect '^M' send-break

after loading the zsh/complist module.

THE ZSH/COMPUTIL MODULE

The zsh/computil module adds several builtin commands that are used by some of the completion functions in the completion system based on shell functions (see zshcompsys(1) ). Except for compquote these builtin commands are very specialised and thus not very interesting when writing your own completion functions. In summary, these builtin commands are:

comparguments
    This is used by the _arguments function to do the argument and command line parsing. Like compdescribe it has an option -i to do the parsing and initialize some internal state and various options to access the state information to decide what should be completed.

compdescribe
    This is used by the _describe function to build the displays for the matches and to get the strings to add as matches with their options. On the first call one of the options -i or -I should be supplied as the first argument. In the first case, display strings without the descriptions will be generated, in the second case, the string used to separate the matches from their descriptions must be given as the second argument and the descriptions (if any) will be shown. All other arguments are like the definition arguments to _describe itself.

    Once compdescribe has been called with either the -i or the -I option, it can be repeatedly called with the -g option and the names of five arrays as its arguments. This will step through the different sets of matches and store the options in the first array, the strings with descriptions in the second, the matches for these in the third, the strings without descriptions in the fourth, and the matches for them in the fifth array. These are then directly given to compadd to register the matches with the completion code.

compfiles
    Used by the _path_files function to optimize complex recursive filename generation (globbing). It does three things. With the -p and -P options it builds the glob patterns to use, including the paths already handled and trying to optimize the patterns with respect to the prefix and suffix from the line and the match specification currently used. The -i option does the directory tests for the ignore-parents style and the -r option tests if a component for some of the matches are equal to the string on the line and removes all other matches if that is true.

compgroups
    Used by the _tags function to implement the internals of the group-order style. This only takes its arguments as names of completion groups and creates the groups for it (all six types: sorted and unsorted, both without removing duplicates, with removing all duplicates and with removing consecutive duplicates).

compquote [ -p ] names ...
    There may be reasons to write completion functions that have to add the matches using the -Q option to compadd and perform quoting themselves. Instead of interpreting the first character of the all_quotes key of the compstate special association and using the q flag for parameter expansions, one can use this builtin command. The arguments are the names of scalar or array parameters and the values of these parameters are quoted as needed for the innermost quoting level. If the -p option is given, quoting is done as if there is some prefix before the values of the parameters, so that a leading equal sign will not be quoted.

    The return value is non-zero in case of an error and zero otherwise.

comptags
comptry
    These implement the internals of the tags mechanism.

compvalues
    Like comparguments, but for the _values function.

THE ZSH/DELTOCHAR MODULE

The zsh/deltochar module makes available two ZLE functions:

delete-to-char
    Read a character from the keyboard, and delete from the cursor position up to and including the next (or, with repeat count n, the nth) instance of that character. Negative repeat counts mean delete backwards.

zap-to-char
    This behaves like delete-to-char, except that the final occurrence of the character itself is not deleted.

THE ZSH/EXAMPLE MODULE

The zsh/example module makes available one builtin command:

example [ -flags ] [ args ... ]
    Displays the flags and arguments it is invoked with.

The purpose of the module is to serve as an example of how to write a module.

THE ZSH/FILES MODULE

The zsh/files module makes some standard commands available as builtins:

chgrp [ -Rs ] group filename ...
    Changes group of files specified. This is equivalent to chown with a user-spec argument of `:group'.

chown [ -Rs ] user-spec filename ...
    Changes ownership and group of files specified.

    The user-spec can be in four forms:

    user
        change owner to user; do not change group
    user::
        change owner to user; do not change group
    user:
        change owner to user; change group to user's primary group
    user:group
        change owner to user; change group to group
    :group
        do not change owner; change group to group

    In each case, the `:' may instead be a `.'. The rule is that if there is a `:' then the separator is `:', otherwise if there is a `.' then the separator is `.', otherwise there is no separator.

    Each of user and group may be either a username (or group name, as appropriate) or a decimal user ID (group ID). Interpretation as a name takes precedence, if there is an all-numeric username (or group name).

    The -R option causes chown to recursively descend into directories, changing the ownership of all files in the directory after changing the ownership of the directory itself.

    The -s option is a zsh extension to chown functionality. It enables paranoid behaviour, intended to avoid security problems involving a chown being tricked into affecting files other than the ones intended. It will refuse to follow symbolic links, so that (for example) ``chown luser /tmp/foo/passwd'' can't accidentally chown /etc/passwd if /tmp/foo happens to be a link to /etc. It will also check where it is after leaving directories, so that a recursive chown of a deep directory tree can't end up recursively chowning /usr as a result of directories being moved up the tree.

ln [ -dfis ] filename dest
ln [ -dfis ] filename ... dir
    Creates hard (or, with -s, symbolic) links. In the first form, the specified destination is created, as a link to the specified filename. In the second form, each of the filenames is taken in turn, and linked to a pathname in the specified directory that has the same last pathname component.

    Normally, ln will not attempt to create hard links to directories. This check can be overridden using the -d option. Typically only the super-user can actually succeed in creating hard links to directories. This does not apply to symbolic links in any case.

    By default, existing files cannot be replaced by links. The -i option causes the user to be queried about replacing existing files. The -f option causes existing files to be silently deleted, without querying. -f takes precedence.

mkdir [ -p ] [ -m mode ] dir ...
    Creates directories. With the -p option, non-existing parent directories are first created if necessary, and there will be no complaint if the directory already exists. The -m option can be used to specify (in octal) a set of file permissions for the created directories, otherwise mode 777 modified by the current umask (see umask(2)) is used.

mv [ -fi ] filename dest
mv [ -fi ] filename ... dir
    Moves files. In the first form, the specified filename is moved to the specified destination. In the second form, each of the filenames is taken in turn, and moved to a pathname in the specified directory that has the same last pathname component.

    By default, the user will be queried before replacing any file that the user cannot write to, but writable files will be silently removed. The -i option causes the user to be queried about replacing any existing files. The -f option causes any existing files to be silently deleted, without querying. -f takes precedence.

    Note that this mv will not move files across devices. Historical versions of mv, when actual renaming is impossible, fall back on copying and removing files; if this behaviour is desired, use cp and rm manually. This may change in a future version.

rm [ -dfirs ] filename ...
    Removes files and directories specified.

    Normally, rm will not remove directories (except with the -r option). The -d option causes rm to try removing directories with unlink (see unlink(2)), the same method used for files. Typically only the super-user can actually succeed in unlinking directories in this way. -d takes precedence over -r.

    By default, the user will be queried before removing any file that the user cannot write to, but writable files will be silently removed. The -i option causes the user to be queried about removing any files. The -f option causes files to be silently deleted, without querying, and suppresses all error indications. -f takes precedence.

    The -r option causes rm to recursively descend into directories, deleting all files in the directory before removing the directory with the rmdir system call (see rmdir(2)).

    The -s option is a zsh extension to rm functionality. It enables paranoid behaviour, intended to avoid common security problems involving a root-run rm being tricked into removing files other than the ones intended. It will refuse to follow symbolic links, so that (for example) ``rm /tmp/foo/passwd'' can't accidentally remove /etc/passwd if /tmp/foo happens to be a link to /etc. It will also check where it is after leaving directories, so that a recursive removal of a deep directory tree can't end up recursively removing /usr as a result of directories being moved up the tree.

rmdir dir ...
    Removes empty directories specified.

sync
    Calls the system call of the same name (see sync(2)), which flushes dirty buffers to disk. It might return before the I/O has actually been completed.

THE ZSH/MAPFILE MODULE

The zsh/mapfile module provides one special associative array parameter of the same name.

mapfile
    This associative array takes as keys the names of files; the resulting value is the content of the file. The value is treated identically to any other text coming from a parameter. The value may also be assigned to, in which case the file in question is written (whether or not it originally existed); or an element may be unset, which will delete the file in question. For example, `vared mapfile[myfile]' works as expected, editing the file `myfile'.

    When the array is accessed as a whole, the keys are the names of files in the current directory, and the values are empty (to save a huge overhead in memory). Thus ${(k)mapfile} has the same affect as the glob operator *(D), since files beginning with a dot are not special. Care must be taken with expressions such as rm ${(k)mapfile}, which will delete every file in the current directory without the usual `rm *' test.

    The parameter mapfile may be made read-only; in that case, files referenced may not be written or deleted.

  Limitations

Although reading and writing of the file in question is efficiently handled, zsh's internal memory management may be arbitrarily baroque. Thus it should not automatically be assumed that use of mapfile represents a gain in efficiency over use of other mechanisms. Note in particular that the whole contents of the file will always reside physically in memory when accessed (possibly multiple times, due to standard parameter substitution operations). In particular, this means handling of sufficiently long files (greater than the machine's swap space, or than the range of the pointer type) will be incorrect.

No errors are printed or flagged for non-existent, unreadable, or unwritable files, as the parameter mechanism is too low in the shell execution hierarchy to make this convenient.

It is unfortunate that the mechanism for loading modules does not yet allow the user to specify the name of the shell parameter to be given the special behaviour.

THE ZSH/MATHFUNC MODULE

The zsh/mathfunc module provides standard mathematical functions for use when evaluating mathematical formulae. The syntax agrees with normal C and FORTRAN conventions, for example,

    (( f = sin(0.3) ))

assigns the sine of 0.3 to the parameter f.

Most functions take floating point arguments and return a floating point value. However, any necessary conversions from or to integer type will be performed automatically by the shell. Apart from atan with a second argument and the abs, int and float functions, all functions behave as noted in the manual page for the corresponding C function, except that any arguments out of range for the function in question will be detected by the shell and an error reported.

The following functions take a single floating point argument: acos, acosh, asin, asinh, atan, atanh, cbrt, ceil, cos, cosh, erf, erfc, exp, expm1, fabs, floor, gamma, j0, j1, lgamma, log, log10, log1p, logb, sin, sinh, sqrt, tan, tanh, y0, y1. The atan function can optionally take a second argument, in which case it behaves like the C function atan2. The ilogb function takes a single floating point argument, but returns an integer.

The function signgam takes no arguments, and returns an integer, which is the C variable of the same name, as described in gamma(3). Note that it is therefore only useful immediately after a call to gamma or lgamma. Note also that `signgam()' and `signgam' are distinct expressions.

The following functions take two floating point arguments: copysign, fmod, hypot, nextafter.

The following take an integer first argument and a floating point second argument: jn, yn.

The following take a floating point first argument and an integer second argument: ldexp, scalb.

The function abs does not convert the type of its single argument; it returns the absolute value of either a floating point number or an integer. The functions float and int convert their arguments into a floating point or integer value (by truncation) respectively.

Note that the C pow function is available in ordinary math evaluation as the `**' operator and is not provided here.

The function rand48 is available if your system's mathematical library has the function erand48(3). It returns a pseudo-random floating point number between 0 and 1. It takes a single string optional argument.

If the argument is not present, the random number seed is initialised by three calls to the rand(3) function --- this produces the same random numbers as the next three values of $RANDOM.

If the argument is present, it gives the name of a scalar parameter where the current random number seed will be stored. On the first call, the value must contain at least twelve hexadecimal digits (the remainder of the string is ignored), or the seed will be initialised in the same manner as for a call to rand48 with no argument. Subsequent calls to rand48(param) will then maintain the seed in the parameter param as a string of twelve hexadecimal digits, with no base signifier. The random number sequences for different parameters are completely independent, and are also independent from that used by calls to rand48 with no argument.

For example, consider

    print $(( rand48(seed) ))
    print $(( rand48() ))
    print $(( rand48(seed) ))

Assuming $seed does not exist, it will be initialised by the first call. In the second call, the default seed is initialised; note, however, that because of the properties of rand() there is a correlation between the seeds used for the two initialisations, so for more secure uses, you should generate your own 12-byte seed. The third call returns to the same sequence of random numbers used in the first call, unaffected by the intervening rand48().

THE ZSH/PARAMETER MODULE

The zsh/parameter module gives access to some of the internal hash tables used by the shell by defining some special parameters.

options
    The keys for this associative array are the names of the options that can be set and unset using the setopt and unsetopt builtins. The value of each key is either the string on if the option is currently set, or the string off if the option is unset. Setting a key to one of these strings is like setting or unsetting the option, respectively. Unsetting a key in this array is like setting it to the value off.

commands
    This array gives access to the command hash table. The keys are the names of external commands, the values are the pathnames of the files that would be executed when the command would be invoked. Setting a key in this array defines a new entry in this table in the same way as with the hash builtin. Unsetting a key as in `unset "commands[foo]"' removes the entry for the given key from the command hash table.

functions
    This associative array maps names of enabled functions to their definitions. Setting a key in it is like defining a function with the name given by the key and the body given by the value. Unsetting a key removes the definition for the function named by the key.

dis_functions
    Like functions but for disabled functions.

builtins
    This associative array gives information about the builtin commands currently enabled. The keys are the names of the builtin commands and the values are either `undefined' for builtin commands that will automatically be loaded from a module if invoked or `defined' for builtin commands that are already loaded.

dis_builtins
    Like builtins but for disabled builtin commands.

reswords
    This array contains the enabled reserved words.

dis_reswords
    Like reswords but for disabled reserved words.

aliases
    This maps the names of the regular aliases currently enabled to their expansions.

dis_aliases
    Like raliases but for disabled regular aliases.

galiases
    Like raliases, but for global aliases.

dis_galiases
    Like galiases but for disabled global aliases.

parameters
    The keys in this associative array are the names of the parameters currently defined. The values are strings describing the type of the parameter, in the same format used by the t parameter flag, see zshexpn(1) . Setting or unsetting keys in this array is not possible.

modules
    An associative array giving information about modules. The keys are the names of the modules loaded, registered to be autoloaded, or aliased. The value says which state the named module is in and is one of the strings `loaded', `autoloaded', or `alias:name', where name is the name the module is aliased to.

    Setting or unsetting keys in this array is not possible.

dirstack
    A normal array holding the elements of the directory stack. Note that the output of the dirs builtin command includes one more directory, the current working directory.

history
    This associative array maps history event numbers to the full history lines.

historywords
    A special array containing the words stored in the history.

jobdirs
    This associative array maps job numbers to the directories from which the job was started (which may not be the current directory of the job).

jobtexts
    This associative array maps job numbers to the texts of the command lines that were used to start the jobs.

jobstates
    This associative array gives information about the states of the jobs currently known. The keys are the job numbers and the values are strings of the form `job-state:mark:pid=state...'. The job-state gives the state the whole job is currently in, one of `running', `suspended', or `done'. The mark is `+' for the current job, `-' for the previous job and empty otherwise. This is followed by one `pid=state' for every process in the job. The pids are, of course, the process IDs and the state describes the state of that process.

nameddirs
    This associative array maps the names of named directories to the pathnames they stand for.

userdirs
    This associative array maps user names to the pathnames of their home directories.

funcstack
    This array contains the names of the functions currently being executed. The first element is the name of the function using the parameter.

THE ZSH/PCRE MODULE

The zsh/pcre module makes some commands available as builtins:

pcre_compile [ -aimx ] PCRE
    Compiles a perl-compatible regular expression.

pcre_study
    Studies the previously-compiled PCRE which may result in faster matching.

pcre_match [ -a arr ] string
    Returns successfully if string matches the previously-compiled PCRE.

    If the expression captures substrings within parentheses, pcre_match will set the array $match to those substrings, unless the -a option is given, in which case it will set the array arr.

THE ZSH/SCHED MODULE

The zsh/sched module makes available one builtin command:

sched [+]hh:mm command ...
sched [ -item ]
    Make an entry in the scheduled list of commands to execute. The time may be specified in either absolute or relative time. With no arguments, prints the list of scheduled commands. With the argument `-item', removes the given item from the list.

THE ZSH/NET/SOCKET MODULE

The zsh/net/socket module makes available one builtin command:

zsocket [ -altv ] [ -d fd ] [ args ]
    zsocket is implemented as a builtin to allow full use of shell command line editing, file I/O, and job control mechanisms.

  Outbound Connections

zsocket [ -v ] [ -d fd ] filename
    Open a new Unix domain connection to filename. The shell parameter REPLY will be set to the file descriptor associated with that connection. Currently, only stream connections are supported.

    If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.

    In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.

  Inbound Connections

zsocket -l [ -v ] [ -d fd ] filename
    zsocket -l will open a socket listening on filename. The shell parameter REPLY will be set to the file descriptor associated with that listener.

    If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.

    In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.

zsocket -a [ -tv ] [ -d targetfd ] listenfd
    zsocket -a will accept an incoming connection to the socket associated with listenfd. The shell parameter REPLY will be set to the file descriptor associated with the inbound connection.

    If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.

    If -t is specified, zsocket will return if no incoming connection is pending. Otherwise it will wait for one.

    In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.

THE ZSH/STAT MODULE

The zsh/stat module makes available one builtin command:

stat [ -gnNolLtTrs ] [ -f fd ] [ -H hash ] [ -A array ] [ -F fmt ] [ +element ] [ file ... ]
    The command acts as a front end to the stat system call (see stat(2)). If the stat call fails, the appropriate system error message printed and status 1 is returned. The fields of struct stat give information about the files provided as arguments to the command. In addition to those available from the stat call, an extra element `link' is provided. These elements are:

    device
        The number of the device on which the file resides.

    inode
        The unique number of the file on this device (`inode' number).

    mode
        The mode of the file; that is, the file's type and access permissions. With the -s option, this will be returned as a string corresponding to the first column in the display of the ls -l command.

    nlink
        The number of hard links to the file.

    uid The user ID of the owner of the file. With the -s option, this is displayed as a user name.

    gid The group ID of the file. With the -s option, this is displayed as a group name.

    rdev
        The raw device number. This is only useful for special devices.

    size
        The size of the file in bytes.

    atime
    mtime
    ctime
        The last access, modification and inode change times of the file, respectively, as the number of seconds since midnight GMT on 1st January, 1970. With the -s option, these are printed as strings for the local time zone; the format can be altered with the -F option, and with the -g option the times are in GMT.

    blksize
        The number of bytes in one allocation block on the device on which the file resides.

    block
        The number of disk blocks used by the file.

    link
        If the file is a link and the -L option is in effect, this contains the name of the file linked to, otherwise it is empty. Note that if this element is selected (``stat +link'') then the -L option is automatically used.

    A particular element may be selected by including its name preceded by a `+' in the option list; only one element is allowed. The element may be shortened to any unique set of leading characters. Otherwise, all elements will be shown for all files.

    Options:

    -A array
        Instead of displaying the results on standard output, assign them to an array, one struct stat element per array element for each file in order. In this case neither the name of the element nor the name of the files appears in array unless the -t or -n options were given, respectively. If -t is given, the element name appears as a prefix to the appropriate array element; if -n is given, the file name appears as a separate array element preceding all the others. Other formatting options are respected.

    -H hash
        Similar to -A, but instead assign the values to hash. The keys are the elements listed above. If the -n option is provided then the name of the file is included in the hash with key name.

    -f fd
        Use the file on file descriptor fd instead of named files; no list of file names is allowed in this case.

    -F fmt
        Supplies a strftime (see strftime(3)) string for the formatting of the time elements. The -s option is implied.

    -g  Show the time elements in the GMT time zone. The -s option is implied.

    -l  List the names of the type elements (to standard output or an array as appropriate) and return immediately; options other than -A and arguments are ignored.

    -L  Perform an lstat (see lstat(2)) rather than a stat system call. In this case, if the file is a link, information about the link itself rather than the target file is returned. This option is required to make the link element useful.

    -n  Always show the names of files. Usually these are only shown when output is to standard output and there is more than one file in the list.

    -N  Never show the names of files.

    -o  If a raw file mode is printed, show it in octal, which is more useful for human consumption than the default of decimal. A leading zero will be printed in this case. Note that this does not affect whether a raw or formatted file mode is shown, which is controlled by the -r and -s options, nor whether a mode is shown at all.

    -r  Print raw data (the default format) alongside string data (the -s format); the string data appears in parentheses after the raw data.

    -s  Print mode, uid, gid and the three time elements as strings instead of numbers. In each case the format is like that of ls -l.

    -t  Always show the type names for the elements of struct stat. Usually these are only shown when output is to standard output and no individual element has been selected.

    -T  Never show the type names of the struct stat elements.

THE ZSH/TERMCAP MODULE

The zsh/termcap module makes available one builtin command:

echotc cap [ arg ... ]
    Output the termcap value corresponding to the capability cap, with optional arguments.

The zsh/termcap module makes available one parameter:

termcap
    An associative array that maps termcap capability codes to their values.

THE ZSH/TERMINFO MODULE

The zsh/terminfo module makes available one builtin command:

echoti cap [ arg ]
    Output the terminfo value corresponding to the capability cap, instantiated with arg if applicable.

The zsh/terminfo module makes available one parameter:

terminfo
    An associative array that maps terminfo capability names to their values.

THE ZSH/ZFTP MODULE

The zsh/zftp module makes available one builtin command:

zftp subcommand [ args ]
    The zsh/zftp module is a client for FTP (file transfer protocol). It is implemented as a builtin to allow full use of shell command line editing, file I/O, and job control mechanisms. Often, users will access it via shell functions providing a more powerful interface; a set is provided with the zsh distribution and is described in zshzftpsys(1). However, the zftp command is entirely usable in its own right.

    All commands consist of the command name zftp followed by the name of a subcommand. These are listed below. The return status of each subcommand is supposed to reflect the success or failure of the remote operation. See a description of the variable ZFTP_VERBOSE for more information on how responses from the server may be printed.

  Subcommands

open host [ user [ password [ account ] ] ]
    Open a new FTP session to host, which may be the name of a TCP/IP connected host or an IP number in the standard dot notation. Remaining arguments are passed to the login subcommand. Note that if no arguments beyond host are supplied, open will not automatically call login. If no arguments at all are supplied, open will use the parameters set by the params subcommand.

    After a successful open, the shell variables ZFTP_HOST, ZFTP_IP and ZFTP_SYSTEM are available; see `Variables' below.

login [ name [ password [ account ] ] ]
user [ name [ password [ account ] ] ]
    Login the user name with parameters password and account. Any of the parameters can be omitted, and will be read from standard input if needed (name is always needed). If standard input is a terminal, a prompt for each one will be printed on standard error and password will not be echoed. If any of the parameters are not used, a warning message is printed.

    After a successful login, the shell variables ZFTP_USER, ZFTP_ACCOUNT and ZFTP_PWD are available; see `Variables' below.

    This command may be re-issued when a user is already logged in, and the server will first be reinitialized for a new user.

params [ host [ user [ password [ account ] ] ] ]
params -
    Store the given parameters for a later open command with no arguments. Only those given on the command line will be remembered. If no arguments are given, the parameters currently set are printed, although the password will appear as a line of stars; the return value is one if no parameters were set, zero otherwise.

    Any of the parameters may be specified as a `?', which may need to be quoted to protect it from shell expansion. In this case, the appropriate parameter will be read from stdin as with the login subcommand, including special handling of password. If the `?' is followed by a string, that is used as the prompt for reading the parameter instead of the default message (any necessary punctuation and whitespace should be included at the end of the prompt). The first letter of the parameter (only) may be quoted with a `\'; hence an argument "\\$word" guarantees that the string from the shell parameter $word will be treated literally, whether or not it begins with a `?'.

    If instead a single `-' is given, the existing parameters, if any, are deleted. In that case, calling open with no arguments will cause an error.

    The list of parameters is not deleted after a close, however it will be deleted if the zsh/zftp module is unloaded.

    For example,

        zftp params ftp.elsewhere.xx juser '?Password for juser: '

    will store the host ftp.elsewhere.xx and the user juser and then prompt the user for the corresponding password with the given prompt.

test
    Test the connection; if the server has reported that it has closed the connection (maybe due to a timeout), return status 2; if no connection was open anyway, return status 1; else return status 0. The test subcommand is silent, apart from messages printed by the $ZFTP_VERBOSE mechanism, or error messages if the connection closes. There is no network overhead for this test.

    The test is only supported on systems with either the select(2) or poll(2) system calls; otherwise the message `not supported on this system' is printed instead.

    The test subcommand will automatically be called at the start of any other subcommand for the current session when a connection is open.

cd directory
    Change the remote directory to directory. Also alters the shell variable ZFTP_PWD.

cdup
    Change the remote directory to the one higher in the directory tree. Note that cd .. will also work correctly on non-UNIX systems.

dir [ args... ]
    Give a (verbose) listing of the remote directory. The args are passed directly to the server. The command's behaviour is implementation dependent, but a UNIX server will typically interpret args as arguments to the ls command and with no arguments return the result of `ls -l'. The directory is listed to standard output.

ls [ args ]
    Give a (short) listing of the remote directory. With no args, produces a raw list of the files in the directory, one per line. Otherwise, up to vagaries of the server implementation, behaves similar to dir.

type [ type ]
    Change the type for the transfer to type, or print the current type if type is absent. The allowed values are `A' (ASCII), `I' (Image, i.e. binary), or `B' (a synonym for `I').

    The FTP default for a transfer is ASCII. However, if zftp finds that the remote host is a UNIX machine with 8-bit byes, it will automatically switch to using binary for file transfers upon open. This can subsequently be overridden.

    The transfer type is only passed to the remote host when a data connection is established; this command involves no network overhead.

ascii
    The same as type A.

binary
    The same as type I.

mode [ S | B ]
    Set the mode type to stream (S) or block (B). Stream mode is the default; block mode is not widely supported.

remote files...
local [ files... ]
    Print the size and last modification time of the remote or local files. If there is more than one item on the list, the name of the file is printed first. The first number is the file size, the second is the last modification time of the file in the format CCYYMMDDhhmmSS consisting of year, month, date, hour, minutes and seconds in GMT. Note that this format, including the length, is guaranteed, so that time strings can be directly compared via the [[ builtin's < and > operators, even if they are too long to be represented as integers.

    Not all servers support the commands for retrieving this information. In that case, the remote command will print nothing and return status 2, compared with status 1 for a file not found.

    The local command (but not remote) may be used with no arguments, in which case the information comes from examining file descriptor zero. This is the same file as seen by a put command with no further redirection.

get file [...]
    Retrieve all files from the server, concatenating them and sending them to standard output.

put file [...]
    For each file, read a file from standard input and send that to the remote host with the given name.

append file [...]
    As put, but if the remote file already exists, data is appended to it instead of overwriting it.

getat file point
putat file point
appendat file point
    Versions of get, put and append which will start the transfer at the given point in the remote file. This is useful for appending to an incomplete local file. However, note that this ability is not universally supported by servers (and is not quite the behaviour specified by the standard).

delete file [...]
    Delete the list of files on the server.

mkdir directory
    Create a new directory directory on the server.

rmdir directory
    Delete the directory directory on the server.

rename old-name new-name
    Rename file old-name to new-name on the server.

site args...
    Send a host-specific command to the server. You will probably only need this if instructed by the server to use it.

quote args...
    Send the raw FTP command sequence to the server. You should be familiar with the FTP command set as defined in RFC959 before doing this. Useful commands may include STAT and HELP. Note also the mechanism for returning messages as described for the variable ZFTP_VERBOSE below, in particular that all messages from the control connection are sent to standard error.

close
quit
    Close the current data connection. This unsets the shell parameters ZFTP_HOST, ZFTP_IP, ZFTP_SYSTEM, ZFTP_USER, ZFTP_ACCOUNT, ZFTP_PWD, ZFTP_TYPE and ZFTP_MODE.

session [ sessname ]
    Allows multiple FTP sessions to be used at once. The name of the session is an arbitrary string of characters; the default session is called `default'. If this command is called without an argument, it will list all the current sessions; with an argument, it will either switch to the existing session called sessname, or create a new session of that name.

    Each session remembers the status of the connection, the set of connection-specific shell parameters (the same set as are unset when a connection closes, as given in the description of close), and any user parameters specified with the params subcommand. Changing to a previous session restores those values; changing to a new session initialises them in the same way as if zftp had just been loaded. The name of the current session is given by the parameter ZFTP_SESSION.

rmsession [ sessname ]
    Delete a session; if a name is not given, the current session is deleted. If the current session is deleted, the earliest existing session becomes the new current session, otherwise the current session is not changed. If the session being deleted is the only one, a new session called `default' is created and becomes the current session; note that this is a new session even if the session being deleted is also called `default'. It is recommended that sessions not be deleted while background commands which use zftp are still active.

  Parameters
The following shell parameters are used by zftp. Currently none of them are special.

ZFTP_TMOUT
    Integer. The time in seconds to wait for a network operation to complete before returning an error. If this is not set when the module is loaded, it will be given the default value 60. A value of zero turns off timeouts. If a timeout occurs on the control connection it will be closed. Use a larger value if this occurs too frequently.

ZFTP_IP
    Readonly. The IP address of the current connection in dot notation.

ZFTP_HOST
    Readonly. The hostname of the current remote server. If the host was opened as an IP number, ZFTP_HOST contains that instead; this saves the overhead for a name lookup, as IP numbers are most commonly used when a nameserver is unavailable.

ZFTP_SYSTEM
    Readonly. The system type string returned by the server in response to an FTP SYST request. The most interesting case is a string beginning "UNIX Type: L8", which ensures maximum compatibility with a local UNIX host.

ZFTP_TYPE
    Readonly. The type to be used for data transfers , either `A' or `I'. Use the type subcommand to change this.

ZFTP_USER
    Readonly. The username currently logged in, if any.

ZFTP_ACCOUNT
    Readonly. The account name of the current user, if any. Most servers do not require an account name.

ZFTP_PWD
    Readonly. The current directory on the server.

ZFTP_CODE
    Readonly. The three digit code of the last FTP reply from the server as a string. This can still be read after the connection is closed, and is not changed when the current session changes.

ZFTP_REPLY
    Readonly. The last line of the last reply sent by the server. This can still be read after the connection is closed, and is not changed when the current session changes.

ZFTP_SESSION
    Readonly. The name of the current FTP session; see the description of the session subcommand.

ZFTP_PREFS
    A string of preferences for altering aspects of zftp's behaviour. Each preference is a single character. The following are defined:

    P   Passive: attempt to make the remote server initiate data transfers. This is slightly more efficient than sendport mode. If the letter S occurs later in the string, zftp will use sendport mode if passive mode is not available.

    S   Sendport: initiate transfers by the FTP PORT command. If this occurs before any P in the string, passive mode will never be attempted.

    D   Dumb: use only the bare minimum of FTP commands. This prevents the variables ZFTP_SYSTEM and ZFTP_PWD from being set, and will mean all connections default to ASCII type. It may prevent ZFTP_SIZE from being set during a transfer if the server does not send it anyway (many servers do).

    If ZFTP_PREFS is not set when zftp is loaded, it will be set to a default of `PS', i.e. use passive mode if available, otherwise fall back to sendport mode.

ZFTP_VERBOSE
    A string of digits between 0 and 5 inclusive, specifying which responses from the server should be printed. All responses go to standard error. If any of the numbers 1 to 5 appear in the string, raw responses from the server with reply codes beginning with that digit will be printed to standard error. The first digit of the three digit reply code is defined by RFC959 to correspond to:

    1.  A positive preliminary reply.

    2.  A positive completion reply.

    3.  A positive intermediate reply.

    4.  A transient negative completion reply.

    5.  A permanent negative completion reply.

    It should be noted that, for unknown reasons, the reply `Service not available', which forces termination of a connection, is classified as 421, i.e. `transient negative', an interesting interpretation of the word `transient'.

    The code 0 is special: it indicates that all but the last line of multiline replies read from the server will be printed to standard error in a processed format. By convention, servers use this mechanism for sending information for the user to read. The appropriate reply code, if it matches the same response, takes priority.

    If ZFTP_VERBOSE is not set when zftp is loaded, it will be set to the default value 450, i.e., messages destined for the user and all errors will be printed. A null string is valid and specifies that no messages should be printed.

  Functions

zftp_chpwd
    If this function is set by the user, it is called every time the directory changes on the server, including when a user is logged in, or when a connection is closed. In the last case, $ZFTP_PWD will be unset; otherwise it will reflect the new directory.

zftp_progress
    If this function is set by the user, it will be called during a get, put or append operation each time sufficient data has been received from the host. During a get, the data is sent to standard output, so it is vital that this function should write to standard error or directly to the terminal, not to standard output.

    When it is called with a transfer in progress, the following additional shell parameters are set:

    ZFTP_FILE
        The name of the remote file being transferred from or to.

    ZFTP_TRANSFER
        A G for a get operation and a P for a put operation.

    ZFTP_SIZE
        The total size of the complete file being transferred: the same as the first value provided by the remote and local subcommands for a particular file. If the server cannot supply this value for a remote file being retrieved, it will not be set. If input is from a pipe the value may be incorrect and correspond simply to a full pipe buffer.

    ZFTP_COUNT
        The amount of data so far transferred; a number between zero and $ZFTP_SIZE, if that is set. This number is always available.

    The function is initially called with ZFTP_TRANSFER set appropriately and ZFTP_COUNT set to zero. After the transfer is finished, the function will be called one more time with ZFTP_TRANSFER set to GF or PF, in case it wishes to tidy up. It is otherwise never called twice with the same value of ZFTP_COUNT.

    Sometimes the progress meter may cause disruption. It is up to the user to decide whether the function should be defined and to use unfunction when necessary.

  Problems

A connection may not be opened in the left hand side of a pipe as this occurs in a subshell and the file information is not updated in the main shell. In the case of type or mode changes or closing the connection in a subshell, the information is returned but variables are not updated until the next call to zftp. Other status changes in subshells will not be reflected by changes to the variables (but should be otherwise harmless).

Deleting sessions while a zftp command is active in the background can have unexpected effects, even if it does not use the session being deleted. This is because all shell subprocesses share information on the state of all connections, and deleting a session changes the ordering of that information.

On some operating systems, the control connection is not valid after a fork(), so that operations in subshells, on the left hand side of a pipeline, or in the background are not possible, as they should be. This is presumably a bug in the operating system.

THE ZSH/ZLE MODULE

The zsh/zle module contains the Zsh Line Editor. See zshzle(1).

THE ZSH/ZLEPARAMETER MODULE

The zsh/zleparameter module defines two special parameters that can be used to access internal information of the Zsh Line Editor (see zshzle(1)).

keymaps
    This array contains the names of the keymaps currently defined.

widgets
    This associative array contains one entry per widget defined. The name of the widget is the key and the value gives information about the widget. It is either the string `builtin' for builtin widgets, a string of the form `user:name' for user-defined widgets, where name is the name of the shell function implementing the widget, or it is a string of the form `completion:type:name', for completion widgets. In the last case type is the name of the builtin widgets the completion widget imitates in its behavior and name is the name of the shell function implementing the completion widget.

THE ZSH/ZPROF MODULE

When loaded, the zsh/zprof causes shell functions to be profiled. The profiling results can be obtained with the zprof builtin command made available by this module. There is no way to turn profiling off other than unloading the module.

zprof [ -c ]
    Without the -c option, zprof lists profiling results to standard output. The format is comparable to that of commands like gprof.

    At the top there is a summary listing all functions that were called at least once. This summary is sorted in decreasing order of the amount of time spent in each. The lines contain the number of the function in order, which is used in other parts of the list in suffixes of the form `[num]'.RE, then the number of calls made to the function. The next three columns list the time in milliseconds spent in the function and its descendents, the average time in milliseconds spent in the function and its descendents per call and the percentage of time spent in all shell functions used in this function and its descendents. The following three columns give the same information, but counting only the time spent in the function itself. The final column shows the name of the function.

    After the summary, detailed information about every function that was invoked is listed, sorted in decreasing order of the amount of time spent in each function and its descendents. Each of these entries consists of descriptions for the functions that called the function described, the function itself, and the functions that were called from it. The description for the function itself has the same format as in the summary (and shows the same information). The other lines don't show the number of the function at the beginning and have their function named indented to make it easier to distinguish the line showing the function described in the section from the surrounding lines.

    The information shown in this case is almost the same as in the summary, but only refers to the call hierarchy being displayed. For example, for a calling function the column showing the total running time lists the time spent in the described function and its descendents only for the times when it was called from that particular calling function. Likewise, for a called function, this columns lists the total time spent in the called function and its descendents only for the times when it was called from the function described.

    Also in this case, the column showing the number of calls to a function also shows a slash and then the total number of invocations made to the called function.

    As long as the zsh/zprof module is loaded, profiling will be done and multiple invocations of the zprof builtin command will show the times and numbers of calls since the module was loaded. With the -c option, the zprof builtin command will reset its internal counters and will not show the listing. )

THE ZSH/ZPTY MODULE

The zsh/zpty module offers one builtin:

zpty [ -e ] [ -b ] name [ arg ... ]
    The arguments following name are concatenated with spaces between, then executed as a command, as if passed to the eval builtin. The command runs under a newly assigned pseudo-terminal; this is useful for running commands non-interactively which expect an interactive environment. The name is not part of the command, but is used to refer to this command in later calls to zpty.

    With the -e option, the pseudo-terminal is set up so that input characters are echoed.

    With the -b option, input to and output from the pseudo-terminal are made non-blocking.

zpty -d [ names ... ]
    The second form, with the -d option, is used to delete commands previously started, by supplying a list of their names. If no names are given, all commands are deleted. Deleting a command causes the HUP signal to be sent to the corresponding process.

zpty -w [ -n ] name [ strings ... ]
    The -w option can be used to send the to command name the given strings as input (separated by spaces). If the -n option is not given, a newline is added at the end.

    If no strings are provided, the standard input is copied to the pseudo-terminal; this may stop before copying the full input if the pseudo-terminal is non-blocking.

    Note that the command under the pseudo-terminal sees this input as if it were typed, so beware when sending special tty driver characters such as word-erase, line-kill, and end-of-file.

zpty -r [ -t ] name [ param [ pattern ] ]
    The -r option can be used to read the output of the command name. With only a name argument, the output read is copied to the standard output. Unless the pseudo-terminal is non-blocking, copying continues until the command under the pseudo-terminal exits; when non-blocking, only as much output as is immediately available is copied. The return value is zero if any output is copied.

    When also given a param argument, at most one line is read and stored in the parameter named param. Less than a full line may be read if the pseudo-terminal is non-blocking. The return value is zero if at least one character is stored in param.

    If a pattern is given as well, output is read until the whole string read matches the pattern, even in the non-blocking case. The return value is zero if the string read matches the pattern, or if the command has exited but at least one character could still be read. As of this writing, a maximum of one megabyte of output can be consumed this way; if a full megabyte is read without matching the pattern, the return value is non-zero.

    In all cases, the return value is non-zero if nothing could be read, and is 2 if this is because the command has finished.

    If the -r option is combined with the -t option, zpty tests whether output is available before trying to read. If no output is available, zpty immediately returns the value 1.

zpty -t name
    The -t option without the -r option can be used to test whether the command name is still running. It returns a zero value if the command is running and a non-zero value otherwise.

zpty [ -L ]
    The last form, without any arguments, is used to list the commands currently defined. If the -L option is given, this is done in the form of calls to the zpty builtin.

THE ZSH/ZSELECT MODULE

The zsh/zselect module makes available one builtin command:

zselect [ -rwe -t timeout -a array ] [ fd ... ]
    The zselect builtin is a front-end to the `select' system call, which blocks until a file descriptor is ready for reading or writing, or has an error condition, with an optional timeout. If this is not available on your system, the command prints an error message and returns status 2 (normal errors return status 1). For more information, see your systems documentation for select(3). Note there is no connection with the shell builtin of the same name.

    Arguments and options may be intermingled in any order. Non-option arguments are file descriptors, which must be decimal integers. By default, file descriptors are to be tested for reading, i.e. zselect will return when data is available to be read from the file descriptor, or more precisely, when a read operation from the file descriptor will not block. After a -r, -w and -e, the given file descriptors are to be tested for reading, writing, or error conditions. These options and an arbitrary list of file descriptors may be given in any order.

    (The presence of an `error condition' is not well defined in the documentation for many implementations of the select system call. According to recent versions of the POSIX specification, it is really an exception condition, of which the only standard example is out-of-band data received on a socket. So zsh users are unlikely to find the -e option useful.)

    The option `-t timeout' specifies a timeout in hundredths of a second. This may be zero, in which case the file descriptors will simply be polled and zselect will return immediately. It is possible to call zselect with no file descriptors and a non-zero timeout for use as a finer-grained replacement for `sleep'; not, however, the return status is always 1 for a timeout.

    The option `-a array' indicates that array should be set to indicate the file descriptor(s) which are ready. If the option is not given, the array reply will be used for this purpose. The array will contain a string similar to the arguments for zselect. For example,

        zselect -t 0 -r 0 -w 1

    might return immediately with status 0 and $reply containing `-r 0 -w 1' to show that both file descriptors are ready for the requested operations.

    The option `-A assoc' indicates that the associative array assoc should be set to indicate the file descriptor(s) which are ready. This option overrides the option -a, nor will reply be modified. The keys of assoc are the file descriptors, and the corresponding values are any of the characters `rwe' to indicate the condition.

    The command returns 0 if some file descriptors are ready for reading. If the operation timed out, or a timeout of 0 was given and no file descriptors were ready, or there was an error, it returns status 1 and the array will not be set (nor modified in any way). If there was an error in the select operation the appropriate error message is printed.

THE ZSH/ZUTIL MODULE

The zsh/zutil module only adds some builtins:

zstyle [ -L ]
zstyle [ -e | - | -- ] pattern style strings ...
zstyle -d [ pattern [ styles ... ] ]
zstyle -g name [ pattern [ style ] ]
zstyle -abs context style name [ sep ]
zstyle -Tt context style [ strings ...]
zstyle -m context style pattern
    This builtin command is used to define and lookup styles. Styles are pairs of names and values, where the values consist of any number of strings. They are stored together with patterns and lookup is done by giving a string, called the `context', which is compared to the patterns. The definition stored for the first matching pattern will be returned.

    For ordering of comparisons, patterns are searched from most specific to least specific, and patterns that are equally specific keep the order in which they were defined. A pattern is considered to be more specific than another if it contains more components (substrings separated by colons) or if the patterns for the components are more specific, where simple strings are considered to be more specific than patterns and complex patterns are considered to be more specific than the pattern `*'.

    The first form (without arguments) lists the definitions in the order zstyle will test them. If the -L option is given, listing is done in the form of calls to zstyle. Forms with arguments:

    zstyle [ - | -- | -e ] pattern style strings ...
        Defines the given style for the pattern with the strings as the value. If the -e option is given, the strings will be concatenated (separated by spaces) and the resulting string will be evaluated (in the same way as it is done by the eval builtin command) when the style is looked up. In this case the parameter `reply' must be assigned to set the strings returned after the evaluation. Before evaluating the value, reply is unset, and if it is still unset after the evaluation, the style is treated as if it were not set.

    zstyle -d [ pattern [ styles ... ] ]
        Delete style definitions. Without arguments all definitions are deleted, with a pattern all definitions for that pattern are deleted and if any styles are given, then only those styles are deleted for the pattern.

    zstyle -g name [ pattern [ style ] ]
        Retrieve a style definition. The name is used as the name of an array in which the results are stored. Without any further arguments, all patterns defined are returned. With a pattern the styles defined for that pattern are returned and with both a pattern and a style, the value strings of that combination is returned.

    The other forms can be used to look up or test patterns.

    zstyle -s context style name [ sep ]
        The parameter name is set to the value of the style interpreted as a string. If the value contains several strings they are concatenated with spaces (or with the sep string if that is given) between them.

    zstyle -b context style name
        The value is stored in name as a boolean, i.e. as the string `yes' if the value has only one string and that string is equal to one of `yes', `true', `on', or `1'. If the value is any other string or has more than one string, the parameter is set to `no'.

    zstyle -a context style name
        The value is stored in name as an array. If name is declared as an associative array, the first, third, etc. strings are used as the keys and the other strings are used as the values.

    zstyle -t context style [ strings ...]
    zstyle -T context style [ strings ...]
        Test the value of a style, i.e. the -t option only returns a status (sets $?). Without any strings the return status is zero if the style is defined for at least one matching pattern, has only one string in its value, and that is equal to one of `true', `yes', `on' or `1'. If any strings are given the status is zero if and only if at least one of the strings is equal to at least one of the strings in the value. If the style is not defined, the status is 2.

        The -T option tests the values of the style like -t, but it returns zero (rather than 2) if the style is not defined for any matching pattern.

    zstyle -m context style pattern
        Match a value. Returns status zero if the pattern matches at least one of the strings in the value.

zformat -f param format specs ...
zformat -a array sep specs ...
    This builtin provides two different forms of formatting. The first form is selected with the -f option. In this case the format string will be modified by replacing sequences starting with a percent sign in it with strings from the specs. Each spec should be of the form `char:string' which will cause every appearance of the sequence `%char' in format to be replaced by the string. The `%' sequence may also contain optional minimum and maximum field width specifications between the `%' and the `char' in the form `%min.maxc', i.e. the minimum field width is given first and if the maximum field width is used, it has to be preceded by a dot. Specifying a minimum field width makes the result be padded with spaces to the right if the string is shorter than the requested width. Padding to the left can be achieved by giving a negative minimum field width. If a maximum field width is specified, the string will be truncated after that many characters. After all `%' sequences for the given specs have been processed, the resulting string is stored in the parameter param.

    The second form, using the -a option, can be used for aligning strings. Here, the specs are of the form `left:right' where `left' and `right' are arbitrary strings. These strings are modified by replacing the colons by the sep string and padding the left strings with spaces to the right so that the sep strings in the result (and hence the right strings after them) are all aligned if the strings are printed below each other. All strings without a colon are left unchanged and all strings with an empty right string have the trailing colon removed. In both cases the lengths of the strings are not used to determine how the other strings are to be aligned. The resulting strings are stored in the array.

zregexparse
    This implements some internals of the _regex_arguments function.

zparseopts [ -D ] [ -K ] [ -E ] [ -a array ] [ -A assoc ] specs
    This builtin simplifies the parsing of options in positional parameters, i.e. the set of arguments given by $*. Each spec describes one option and must be of the form `opt[=array]'. If an option described by opt is found in the positional parameters it is copied into the array specified with the -a option; if the optional `=array' is given, it is instead copied into that array.

    Note that it is an error to give any spec without an `=array' unless one of the -a or -A options is used.

    Unless the -E option is given, parsing stops at the first string that isn't described by one of the specs. Even with -E, parsing always stops at a positional parameter equal to `-' or `--'.

    The opt description must be one of the following. Any of the special characters can appear in the option name provided it is preceded by a backslash.

    name
    name+
        The name is the name of the option without the leading `-'. To specify a GNU-style long option, one of the usual two leading `-' must be included in name; for example, a `--file' option is represented by a name of `-file'.

        If a `+' appears after name, the option is appended to array each time it is found in the positional parameters; without the `+' only the last occurrence of the option is preserved.

        If one of these forms is used, the option takes no argument, so parsing stops if the next positional parameter does not also begin with `-' (unless the -E option is used).

    name:
    name:-
    name::
        If one or two colons are given, the option takes an argument; with one colon, the argument is mandatory and with two colons it is optional. The argument is appended to the array after the option itself.

        An optional argument is put into the same array element as the option name (note that this makes empty strings as arguments indistinguishable). A mandatory argument is added as a separate element unless the `:-' form is used, in which case the argument is put into the same element.

        A `+' as described above may appear between the name and the first colon.

The options of zparseopts itself are:

-a array
    As described above, this names the default array in which to store the recognised options.

-A assoc
    If this is given, the options and their values are also put into an associative array with the option names as keys and the arguments (if any) as the values.

-D  If this option is given, all options found are removed from the positional parameters of the calling shell or shell function, up to but not including any not described by the specs. This is similar to using the shift builtin.

-K  With this option, the arrays specified with the -a and -A options and with the `=array' forms are kept unchanged when none of the specs for them is used. This allows assignment of default values to them before calling zparseopts.

-E  This changes the parsing rules to not stop at the first string that isn't described by one of the specs. It can be used to test for or (if used together with -D) extract options and their arguments, ignoring all other options and arguments that may be in the positional parameters.

For example,

    set -- -a -bx -c y -cz baz -cend
    zparseopts a=foo b:=bar c+:=bar

will have the effect of

    foo=(-a)
    bar=(-b x -c y -c z)

The arguments from `baz' on will not be used.

As an example for the -E option, consider:

    set -- -a x -b y -c z arg1 arg2
    zparseopts -E -D b:=bar

will have the effect of

    bar=(-b y)
    set -- -a x -c z arg1 arg2

I.e., the option -b and its arguments are taken from the positional parameters and put into the array bar.

THE ZSH/NET/TCP MODULE

The zsh/net/tcp module makes available one builtin command:

ztcp [ -acflLtv ] [ -d fd ] [ args ]
    ztcp is implemented as a builtin to allow full use of shell command line editing, file I/O, and job control mechanisms.

    If ztcp is run with no options, it will output the contents of its session table.

    If it is run with only the option -L, it will output the contents of the session table in a format suitable for automatic parsing. The option is ignored if given with a command to open or close a session. The output consists of a set of lines, one per session, each containing the following elements separated by spaces:

    File descriptor
        The file descriptor in use for the connection. For normal inbound (I) and outbound (O) connections this may be read and written by the usual shell mechanisms. However, it should only be close with `ztcp -c'.

    Connection type
        A letter indicating how the session was created:

        Z   A session created with the zftp command.

        L   A connection opened for listening with `ztcp -l'.

        I   An inbound connection accepted with `ztcp -a'.

        O   An outbound connection created with `ztcp host ...'.

    The local host
        This is usually set to an all-zero IP address as the address of the localhost is irrelevant.

    The local port
        This is likely to be zero unless the connection is for listening.

    The remote host
        This is the fully qualified domain name of the peer, if available, else an IP address. It is an all-zero IP address for a session opened for listening.

    The remote port
        This is zero for a connection opened for listening.

  Outbound Connections

ztcp [ -v ] [ -d fd ] host [ port ]
    Open a new TCP connection to host. If the port is omitted, it will default to port 23. The connection will be added to the session table and the shell parameter REPLY will be set to the file descriptor associated with that connection.

    If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.

    In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.

  Inbound Connections

ztcp -l [ -v ] [ -d fd ] port
    ztcp -l will open a socket listening on TCP port. The socket will be added to the session table and the shell parameter REPLY will be set to the file descriptor associated with that listener.

    If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.

    In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.

ztcp -a [ -tv ] [ -d targetfd ] listenfd
    ztcp -a will accept an incoming connection to the port associated with listenfd. The connection will be added to the session table and the shell parameter REPLY will be set to the file descriptor associated with the inbound connection.

    If -d is specified, its argument will be taken as the target file descriptor for the connection.

    If -t is specified, ztcp will return if no incoming connection is pending. Otherwise it will wait for one.

    In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.

  Closing Connections

ztcp -cf [ -v ] [ fd ]
ztcp -c [ -v ] [ fd ]
    ztcp -c will close the socket associated with fd. The socket will be removed from the session table. If fd is not specified, ztcp will close everything in the session table.

    Normally, sockets registered by zftp (see zshmodules(1) ) cannot be closed this way. In order to force such a socket closed, use -f.

    In order to elicit more verbose output, use -v.

  Example
Here is how to create a TCP connection between two instances of zsh. We need to pick an unassigned port; here we use the randomly chosen 5123.

On host1,
    zmodload zsh/net/tcp
    ztcp -l 5123
    listenfd=$REPLY
    ztcp -a $listenfd
    fd=$REPLY
The second from last command blocks until there is an incoming connection.

Now create a connection from host2 (which may, of course, be the same machine):
    zmodload zsh/net/tcp
    ztcp host1 5123
    fd=$REPLY

Now on each host, $fd contains a file descriptor for talking to the other. For example, on host1:
    print This is a message >&$fd
and on host2:
    read -r line <&$fd; print -r - $line
prints `This is a message'.

To tidy up, on host1:
    ztcp -c $listenfd
    ztcp -c $fd
and on host2
    ztcp -c $fd